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Lipids in Health and Disease Jan 2022Recent advances in society have resulted in the emergence of both hyperlipidemia and obesity as life-threatening conditions in people with implications for various types... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in society have resulted in the emergence of both hyperlipidemia and obesity as life-threatening conditions in people with implications for various types of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This is further complicated by a global rise in the aging population, especially menopausal women, who mostly suffer from overweight and bone loss simultaneously. Interestingly, clinical observations in these women suggest that osteoarthritis may be linked to a higher body mass index (BMI), which has led many to believe that there may be some degree of bone dysfunction associated with conditions such as obesity. It is also common practice in many outpatient settings to encourage patients to control their BMI and lose weight in an attempt to mitigate mechanical stress and thus reduce bone pain and joint dysfunction. Together, studies show that bone is not only a mechanical organ but also a critical component of metabolism, and various endocrine functions, such as calcium metabolism. Numerous studies have demonstrated a relationship between metabolic dysfunction in bone and abnormal lipid metabolism. Previous studies have also regarded obesity as a metabolic disorder. However, the relationship between lipid metabolism and bone metabolism has not been fully elucidated. In this narrative review, the data describing the close relationship between bone and lipid metabolism was summarized and the impact on both the normal physiology and pathophysiology of these tissues was discussed at both the molecular and cellular levels.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Cellular Microenvironment; Cholesterol; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 34996476
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01615-5 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Jan 2023Low back pain (LBP) is common and a leading cause of disability and lost productivity worldwide. Acute LBP is frequently self-resolving, but recurrence is common, and a... (Review)
Review
Low back pain (LBP) is common and a leading cause of disability and lost productivity worldwide. Acute LBP is frequently self-resolving, but recurrence is common, and a significant proportion of patients will develop chronic pain. This transition is perpetuated by anatomical, biological, psychological and social factors. Chronic LBP should be managed with a holistic biopsychosocial approach of generally non-surgical measures. Spinal surgery has a role in alleviating radicular pain and disability resulting from neural compression, or where back pain relates to cancer, infection, or gross instability. Spinal surgery for all other forms of back pain is unsupported by clinical data, and the broader evidence base for spinal surgery in the management of LBP is poor and suggests it is ineffective. Emerging areas of interest include selection of a minority of patients who may benefit from surgery based on spinal sagittal alignment and/or nuclear medicine scans, but an evidence base is absent. Spinal surgery for back pain has increased substantially over recent decades, and disproportionately among privately insured patients, thus the contribution of industry and third-party payers to this increase, and their involvement in published research, requires careful consideration.
Topics: Humans; Low Back Pain; Back Pain; Spine; Chronic Pain; Acute Pain
PubMed: 36502448
DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51788 -
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Jul 2018New integrated PET-MRI systems potentially provide a complete imaging modality for diagnosis and evaluation of musculoskeletal disease. MRI is able to provide excellent... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
New integrated PET-MRI systems potentially provide a complete imaging modality for diagnosis and evaluation of musculoskeletal disease. MRI is able to provide excellent high-resolution morphologic information with multiple contrast mechanisms that has made it the imaging modality of choice in evaluation of many musculoskeletal disorders. PET offers incomparable abilities to provide quantitative information about molecular and physiologic changes that often precede structural and biochemical changes. In combination, hybrid PET-MRI can enhance imaging of musculoskeletal disorders through early detection of disease as well as improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The purpose of this article is to review emerging applications of PET-MRI in musculoskeletal disease. Both clinical applications of malignant musculoskeletal disease as well as new opportunities to incorporate the molecular capabilities of nuclear imaging into studies of nononcologic musculoskeletal disease are discussed. Lastly, we discuss some of the technical considerations and challenges of PET-MRI as they specifically relate to musculoskeletal disease.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:27-47.
Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Bone Diseases; Bone and Bones; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Metals; Multimodal Imaging; Multiple Myeloma; Muscle, Skeletal; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoarthritis; Pain; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prognosis
PubMed: 29969193
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26183 -
American Family Physician Feb 2011Osteochondrosis is a term used to describe a group of disorders that affect the growing skeleton. These disorders result from abnormal growth, injury, or overuse of the... (Review)
Review
Osteochondrosis is a term used to describe a group of disorders that affect the growing skeleton. These disorders result from abnormal growth, injury, or overuse of the developing growth plate and surrounding ossification centers. The exact etiology of these disorders is unknown, but genetic causes, repetitive trauma, vascular abnormalities, mechanical factors, and hormonal imbalances may all play a role. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a hip disorder that causes hip pain, an atraumatic limp, and knee pain. Osgood-Schlatter and Sinding-Larsen-Johannson diseases are common causes of anterior knee pain that is aggravated by jumping activities and kneeling. Sever disease causes heel pain that is exacerbated by activity and wearing cleats. It often mimics Achilles tendinitis and is treated with activity and shoe modifications, heel cups, and calf stretches. Freiberg disease and Köhler bone disease often cause foot pain and are disorders of the metatarsal head and navicular bone, respectively. Radiographs show sclerosis, flattening, and fragmentation of bone in both diseases. Elbow pain can be caused by medial epicondyle apophysitis or Panner disease. Medial epicondyle apophysitis is exacerbated by frequent throwing and is treated with throwing cessation and acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Panner disease is the most common cause of lateral-sided elbow pain in children younger than 10 years. It may or may not be associated with frequent throwing, and it resolves spontaneously. Scheuermann disease causes back pain and a humpback deformity from vertebral bone anterior wedging.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Arthralgia; Bone Development; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Growth Plate; Humans; Male; Osteochondrosis; Sex Factors
PubMed: 21302869
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Research Notes Mar 2017Traumatic bone fractures cause moderate to severe pain, which needs to be minimized for optimal recovery and animal welfare, illustrating the need for reliable objective...
BACKGROUND
Traumatic bone fractures cause moderate to severe pain, which needs to be minimized for optimal recovery and animal welfare, illustrating the need for reliable objective pain biomarkers for use in a clinical setting. The objectives of this study were to investigate catestatin (CST) and vasostatin (VS) concentrations as two new potential biomarkers, and cortisol concentrations, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF), and visual analog scale (VAS) in dogs suffering from traumatic bone fractures before and after morphine administration in comparison with healthy dogs.
METHODS
Fourteen dogs with hind limb or pelvic fractures and thirty healthy dogs were included. Dogs with fractures were divided into four groups according to analgesia received before participation. Physical examination, CMPS-SF, pain and stress behavior VAS scores were recorded in all dogs. Saliva and blood were collected once in healthy dogs and in dogs with fractures before and 35-70 min after morphine administration. Blood samples were analyzed for CST, VS, and cortisol. Saliva volumes, however, were insufficient for analysis.
RESULTS
Catestatin and cortisol concentrations, and CMPS-SF, and VAS scores differed significantly between dogs with fractures prior to morphine administration and healthy dogs. After morphine administration, dogs with fractures had significantly decreased CMPS-SF and VAS scores and, compared to healthy dogs, CST concentrations, CMPS-SF, and VAS scores still differed significantly. However, CST concentrations remained largely within the normal range. Absolute delta values for CST significantly correlated with delta values for CMPS-SF. Catestatin and cortisol did not differ significantly before and after morphine administration. Vasostatin concentrations did not differ significantly between groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Catestatin and cortisol concentrations, CMPS-SF, and VAS scores differed significantly in the dogs with traumatic bone fractures compared to the healthy dogs. Morphine treatment partially relieved pain and stress according to the subjective but not according to the objective assessments performed. However, because of the large degree of overlap with normal values, our results suggest that plasma CST concentrations have a limited potential as a clinically useful biomarker for pain-induced stress.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Biomarkers; Calreticulin; Chromogranin A; Dogs; Female; Fractures, Bone; Hindlimb; Hydrocortisone; Male; Morphine; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pelvic Bones; Peptide Fragments; Saliva; Stress, Psychological; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28327184
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2450-y -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Jul 2022Bone is the preferential site of metastasis for breast cancer. Invasion of cancer cells induces the destruction of bone tissue and damnification of peripheral nerves and...
Bone is the preferential site of metastasis for breast cancer. Invasion of cancer cells induces the destruction of bone tissue and damnification of peripheral nerves and consequently induced central sensitization which contributes to severe pain. Herein, cancer induced bone pain (CIBP) rats exhibited destruction of tibia, mechanical allodynia and spinal inflammation. Inflammatory response mainly mediated by astrocyte and microglia in central nervous system. Our immunofluorescence analysis revealed activation of spinal astrocytes and microglia in CIBP rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of mitochondrial outer membrane disruption and cristae damage in spinal mitochondria of CIBP rats. Proteomics analysis identified abnormal expression of proteins related to mitochondrial organization and function. Intrathecally, injection of GSK-3β activity inhibitor TDZD-8 significantly attenuated Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and recovered mitochondrial function. Inhibition of GSK-3β activity also suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome cascade and consequently decreased mechanical pain sensitivity of CIBP rats. For cell research, TDZD-8 treatment significantly reversed TNF-α induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) deficiency and high mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level. Taken together, GSK-3β inhibition by TDZD-8 decreases spinal inflammation and relieves cancer induced bone pain via reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial damage.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Inflammation; Neoplasms; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 35689386
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17432 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2018Tissue damage following injury triggers the processes of coagulation, inflammation and healing. In tissues surrounding the bone, the result of the healing process is a... (Review)
Review
Tissue damage following injury triggers the processes of coagulation, inflammation and healing. In tissues surrounding the bone, the result of the healing process is a scar, while bone tissue has a unique ability to achieve shape, strength and pre-injury function. Bone healing is a process of regeneration rather than classic recovery. The result of this process is the formation of new, healthy bone tissue instead of a scar. Many factors can inhibit or impair the bone healing process, and their influence is critical during the stages of inflammation and angiogenesis and finally on the clinical outcome. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an essential role associated with their analgesic potency and anti-inflammatory effects. NSAIDs are also the most often used drugs in patients who require pain control and inflammation reduction due to musculoskeletal diseases or injures. Although their analgesic effect is well documented, NSAIDs also interfere with bone healing; therefore, the relative benefits and disadvantages connected with their administration should be taken into consideration. Despite the negative effect, NSAIDs have beneficial properties, but their clinical benefits in relation to dose and time of use are still unclear. Therefore, in this review, we focus on bone healing with relation to the impact of NSAIDs.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Dinoprostone; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Osteogenesis; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Receptors, Prostaglandin E; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29950815
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S164565 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... 2014Breast cancer bone metastasis causing severe morbidity is commonly encountered in daily clinical practice. It causes pain, pathologic fractures, spinal cord and other... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer bone metastasis causing severe morbidity is commonly encountered in daily clinical practice. It causes pain, pathologic fractures, spinal cord and other nerve compression syndromes and life threatening hypercalcemia. Breast cancer metastasizes to bone through complicated steps in which numerous molecules play roles. Metastatic cells disrupt normal bone turnover and create a vicious cycle to which treatment efforts should be directed. Bisphosphonates have been used safely for more than two decades. As a group they delay time to first skeletal related event and reduce pain, but do not prevent development of bone metastasis in patients with no bone metastasis, and also do not prolong survival. The receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand inhibitor denosumab delays time to first skeletal related event and reduces the skeletal morbidity rate. Radionuclides are another treatment option for bone pain. New targeted therapies and radionuclides are still under investigation. In this review we will focus on mechanisms of bone metastasis and its medical treatment in breast cancer patients.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Breast Neoplasms; Denosumab; Diphosphonates; Female; Humans; Pain; RANK Ligand; Radionuclide Imaging
PubMed: 24641358
DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.4.1503 -
BMJ Case Reports Jul 2014A 13-year-old boy presented with fever, skeletal pain, polydipsia, polyuria and multiple osteolytic lesions in pelvic bones and upper femur. There was no organomegaly or...
A 13-year-old boy presented with fever, skeletal pain, polydipsia, polyuria and multiple osteolytic lesions in pelvic bones and upper femur. There was no organomegaly or lymphadenopathy. His serum calcium levels were raised. Peripheral blood film examination was normal. Bone marrow showed presence of blast cells. Flowcytometry indicated B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL). Hypercalcaemia and osteolytic lesions are rare presentations of B-ALL. This should be kept as a differential if a child presents with unexplained skeletal pain with lytic lesions.
Topics: Adolescent; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Examination; Bone and Bones; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Male; Musculoskeletal Pain; Osteolysis; Polydipsia; Polyuria; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Radiography
PubMed: 25006054
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204050 -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Nov 2015Vitamin C is an important antioxidant and cofactor that is involved in the regulation of development, function, and maintenance of several cell types in the body.... (Review)
Review
Vitamin C is an important antioxidant and cofactor that is involved in the regulation of development, function, and maintenance of several cell types in the body. Deficiencies in vitamin C can lead to conditions such as scurvy, which, among other ailments, causes gingivia, bone pain, and impaired wound healing. This review examines the functional importance of vitamin C as it relates to the development and maintenance of bone tissues. Analysis of several epidemiological studies and genetic mouse models regarding the effect of vitamin C shows a positive effect on bone health. Overall, vitamin C exerts a positive effect on trabecular bone formation by influencing expression of bone matrix genes in osteoblasts. Recent studies on the molecular pathway for vitamin C actions that include direct effects of vitamin C on transcriptional regulation of target genes by influencing the activity of transcription factors and by epigenetic modification of key genes involved in skeletal development and maintenance are discussed. With an understanding of mechanisms involved in the uptake and metabolism of vitamin C and knowledge of precise molecular pathways for vitamin C actions in bone cells, it is possible that novel therapeutic strategies can be developed or existing therapies can be modified for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures.
Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Bone and Bones; Cartilage; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Models, Biological
PubMed: 26358868
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2709